Use Azure AD Workload Identity for Kubernetes with a User-Assigned Managed Identity

This post has been republished via RSS; it originally appeared at: New blog articles in Microsoft Community Hub.

This article and the companion Azure code sample show how to use Azure AD workload identity for Kubernetes in a .NET Standard application running on Azure Kubernetes Service. It leverages the public preview capability of Azure AD workload identity federation and a user-assigned managed identity.

Azure AD Workload Identity for Kubernetes

Today Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) allows you to assign managed identities at the pod-level, which has been a preview feature. This pod-managed identity allows the hosted workload or application access to resources through Azure Active Directory (Azure AD). For example, a workload stores files in Azure Storage, and when it needs to access those files, the pod authenticates itself against the resource as an Azure-managed identity. This authentication method has been replaced with AzureAD workload identity, which integrates with the Kubernetes native capabilities to federate with any external identity provider. This approach is simpler to use and deploy and overcomes several limitations in Azure AD Pod Identity:

 

  • Removes the scale and performance issues that existed for identity assignment
  • Supports Kubernetes clusters hosted in any cloud or on-premises
  • Supports both Linux and Windows workloads
  • Removes the need for Custom Resource Definitions and pods that intercept Azure Instance Metadata Service (IMDS) traffic
  • Avoids the complicated and error-prone installation steps, such as cluster role assignment from the previous iteration

Azure AD workload identity works especially well with the Azure Identity client library using the Azure SDK and the Microsoft Authentication Library (MSAL) if you're using Azure AD registered applications. Your workload can use any of these libraries to authenticate and access Azure cloud resources seamlessly.

How does it work?

As shown in the following diagram, the Kubernetes cluster becomes a security token issuer, issuing tokens to Kubernetes Service Accounts. These tokens can be configured to be trusted on Azure AD applications and user-defined managed identities. They can then be exchanged for an Azure AD access token using the Azure Identity SDKs or the Microsoft Authentication Library (MSAL).

 
message-flow.png

For more information, see the following resources:

Prerequisites

Architecture

This sample provides a Bicep and an ARM template to deploy a public or a private AKS cluster with API Server VNET Integration with Azure CNI network plugin and Dynamic IP Allocation. In a production environment, we strongly recommend deploying a private AKS cluster with Uptime SLA. For more information, see private AKS cluster with a Public DNS address. Alternatively, you can deploy a public AKS cluster and secure access to the API server using authorized IP address ranges.

 
architecture.png

Both the Bicep and ARM template deploy the following Azure resources:

NOTE
You can find the architecture.vsdx file used for the diagram under the visio folder.

Visual Studio Solution

This sample provides a Visual Studio solution under the src folder that contains the following projects:

  • TodoWeb: this project is an ASP.NET Web application written in C# using .NET Standard 6.0. This project contains the code of the frontend application. The user interface is composed of a set of Razor pages that can be used to browse, create, delete, update and see the details of a collection of todo items stored in a Cosmos DB database. The frontend service is configured to send logs, events, traces, requests, dependencies and exceptions to Application Insights.
  • TodoApi: this project contains the code of an ASP.NET REST API invoked by the frontend application to access the data stored in the Cosmos DB database. Each time a CRUD operation is performed by any of the methods exposed bu the TodoController, the backend service sends a notification message to a Service Bus queue. You can use my Service Bus Explorer to read messages from the queue. The frontend service is configured to send logs, events, traces, requests, dependencies and exceptions to Application Insights. The backend service adopts Swagger/OpenAPI to expose a machine-readable representation of its RESTful API.

Infrastructure Deployment

You can use the deploy.sh Bash script under the bicep folder to deploy the infrastructure using Bicep modules, or the deploy.sh Bash script under the arm folder to deploy the infrastructure using the ARM template. In both cases, make sure to change the name of the AKS cluster in the deploy.sh Bash script and substitute the placeholders in the azuredeploy.parameters.json file with meaningful values. Also, make sure to enable the following public preview features before deploying the ARM template:

The deploy.sh deployment script automatically registers the above preview features.

You can deploy the Bicep modules in the bicep folder using the deploy.sh Bash script in the same folder. Specify a value for the following parameters in the deploy.sh script and main.parameters.json parameters file before deploying the Bicep modules.

  • prefix: specifies a prefix for the AKS cluster and other Azure resources.
  • authenticationType: specifies the type of authentication when accessing the Virtual Machine. sshPublicKey is the recommended value. Allowed values: sshPublicKey and password.
  • vmAdminUsername: specifies the name of the administrator account of the virtual machine.
  • vmAdminPasswordOrKey: specifies the SSH Key or password for the virtual machine.
  • aksClusterSshPublicKey: specifies the SSH Key or password for AKS cluster agent nodes.
  • aadProfileAdminGroupObjectIDs: when deploying an AKS cluster with Azure AD and Azure RBAC integration, this array parameter contains the list of Azure AD group object IDs that will have the admin role of the cluster.
  • keyVaultObjectIds: Specifies the object ID of the service principals to configure in Key Vault access policies.

We suggest reading sensitive configuration data such as passwords or SSH keys from a pre-existing Azure Key Vault resource. For more information, see Use Azure Key Vault to pass secure parameter value during Bicep deployment.

Application Architecture

The following diagram shows the architecture of the application on an AKS cluster with the OIDC Issuer and Workload Identity enabled. The figure also shows how both the frontend and backend applications exchange the security tokens issued by the AKS cluster to their service account with a security token issued by Azure AD to the federated managed identity and how they use these tokens to access the following Azure AD protected resources:

  • Azure Key Vault
  • Azure CosmosDB
  • Azure Storage Account
  • Azure Service Bus
 
application.png

There are four steps to get the sample working end-to-end in a Kubernetes cluster:

  • Configure the AKS cluster to issue tokens. An OIDC discovery document is published to allow validation of these tokens.
  • Configure their deployments to use a Kubernetes service account federated with a user-assigned managed identity.
  • Configure the user-assigned managed identity to trust the security tokens issued by the OIDC issuer of the AKS cluster.
  • At runtime, AKS-issued tokens are exchanged for Azure AD tokens, and used to access Azure AD protected resources.

Azure Identity SDK

The sample Todolist application makes use of the Azure Identity client library for .NET with the DefaultAzureCredential to authenticate via Azure AD Workload Identity and get a security token to access the following services:

  • Azure Key Vault
  • Azure CosmosDB
  • Azure Storage Account
  • Azure Service Bus

Here are some snippets from the application code that show how to access Azure resources using the Azure Identity client library for .NET and Azure AD workload identity for Kubernetes.

Azure Key Vault

using Azure.Identity; using Azure.Security.KeyVault.Secrets; ... // Configure Key Vault configuration provider var keyVaultUrl = $"https://{keyVaultName}.vault.azure.net/"; var secretClient = new SecretClient(new Uri(keyVaultUrl), new DefaultAzureCredential()); configurationBuilder.AddAzureKeyVault(secretClient, new KeyVaultSecretManager()); // Read configuration from Key Vault builtConfig = configurationBuilder.Build();

Azure Cosmos DB

using Microsoft.Azure.Cosmos; using Azure.Identity; ... // Create CosmosClient object _cosmosClient = new CosmosClient( _repositoryServiceOptions.CosmosDb.EndpointUri, new DefaultAzureCredential(), new CosmosClientOptions { RequestTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5), ConnectionMode = ConnectionMode.Gateway });

Azure Storage Account

using Azure.Storage.Blobs; using Azure.Identity; ... // Construct the blob container endpoint from the arguments. var containerEndpoint = string.Format("https://{0}.blob.core.windows.net/{1}", accountName, containerName); // Get a credential and create a service client object for the blob container. containerClient = new BlobContainerClient(new Uri(containerEndpoint), new DefaultAzureCredential());

Azure Service Bus

using Azure.Messaging.ServiceBus; using Azure.Identity; ... // Create ServiceBusClient object _serviceBusClient = new ServiceBusClient($"{_options.ServiceBus.Namespace}.servicebus.windows.net", new DefaultAzureCredential());

Application Configuration

The Bicep and ARM templates create all the necessary secrets used by both the frontend and backend applications as shown in the picture below:

 
key-vault-secrets.png

Azure Key Vault secret names are limited to alphanumeric characters and dashes. Hierarchical values in ASP.NET configuration sections use -- (two dashes) as a delimiter, as colons aren't allowed in key vault secret names. Colons delimit a section from a subkey in ASP.NET Core configuration. The two-dash sequence is replaced with a colon when the secrets are loaded into the app's configuration. For more information, see Secret storage in the Production environment with Azure Key Vault.

The following table describes the application settings:

Name Description
ApplicationInsights--InstrumentationKey Specifies the Instrumentation Key of the Azure Application Insights resource used by both the frontend and backend services.
DataProtection--BlobStorage--AccountName Specifies the name of the Azure Storage Account used to store the boot diagnostics logs or the virtual machine and the files used by the sample ASP.NET frontend and backend applications for ASP.NET Data Protection. This setting is used when the DataProtection--BlobStorage--UseAzureCredential is set to true.
DataProtection--BlobStorage--ConnectionString Contains the connection string to the Azure Storage Account. This setting is used when the DataProtection--BlobStorage--UseAzureCredential is set to false.
DataProtection--BlobStorage--UseAzureCredential Specifies whether the frontend and backend services should use Azure Identity client library for .NET with the DefaultAzureCredential to authenticate via Azure AD Workload Identity and get a security token to access the Azure Storage Account. If the value of this setting is equal to false, the frontend and backend applications will use the connection string of the Azure Storage Account contained in the DataProtection--BlobStorage--ConnectionString secret.
NotificationService--ServiceBus--ConnectionString Contains the connection string of the Azure Service Bus namespace. This setting is used when the NotificationService--ServiceBus--UseAzureCredential is set to false.
NotificationService--ServiceBus--Namespace Contains the name of the Azure Service Bus namespace. This setting is used when the NotificationService--ServiceBus--UseAzureCredential is set to true.
NotificationService--ServiceBus--QueueName Contains the name of the queue in the Azure Service Bus namespace where the backend service sends a message any time a todo-item is created in the Azure Cosmos DB database by the backend service.
NotificationService--ServiceBus--UseAzureCredential Specifies whether the frontend and backend services should use Azure Identity client library for .NET with the DefaultAzureCredential to authenticate via Azure AD Workload Identity and get a security token to access the Azure Service Bus namespace. If the value of this setting is equal to false, the frontend and backend applications will use the connection string of the Azure Service Bus namespace contained in the NotificationService--ServiceBus--ConnectionString secret.
RepositoryService--CosmosDb--CollectionName Specifies the name of the Azure Cosmos DB container.
RepositoryService--CosmosDb--DatabaseName Specifies the name of the Azure Cosmos DB database.
RepositoryService--CosmosDb--EndpointUri Specifies the endpoint URI of the Azure Cosmos DB account.
RepositoryService--CosmosDb--PrimaryKey Contains the primary key of the Azure Cosmos DB account. This setting is used when the RepositoryService--CosmosDb--UseAzureCredential is set to false.
RepositoryService--CosmosDb--UseAzureCredential Specifies whether the frontend and backend services should use Azure Identity client library for .NET with the DefaultAzureCredential to authenticate via Azure AD Workload Identity and get a security token to access the Azure Cosmos DB account. If the value of this setting is equal to false, the frontend and backend applications will use the primary key of the Azure Cosmos DB account contained in the RepositoryService--CosmosDb--PrimaryKey secret.

Application Local Debugging

To debug the application locally, you must install Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 or later with .NET Standard 6.0. For more information, see Visual Studio Tools for Docker. In addition, make sure to change the values in the docker-compose.override.yml as follows:

  • You can use the same or an alternative identity to access the secrets from Key Vault that contain the credentials to access the Azure Service Bus namespace, Azure Cosmos DB, and Azure Storage Account. In this case, make sure to specify the name of the Key Vault in the corresponding environment variable and assign the List and Get permissions to the Azure AD application via access policies or Azure RBAC.
  • As an alternative, you can use the environment variables to specify the credentials to access the Azure Service Bus namespace, Azure Cosmos DB, and Azure Storage Account in the docker-compose.override.yml file (not recommended).

Application Deployment

The 00-variables.sh contains the variables used by all the scripts necessary to deploy the sample. The first step consists in assigning a proper value to each variable before starting with the application deploying.

#!/bin/bash # Container Images frontendContainerImageTag="v2" backendContainerImageTag="v2" # Azure Resources location="<azure-region>" resourceGroupName="<azure-resource-group-name>" # Azure Managed Identity managedIdentityName="<azure-user-assigned-managed-identity-name>" # Kubernetes Service account workloadNamespace="todo" workloadServiceAccountName="todo-sa" # Variables for the federated identity name federatedIdentityName="TodoWorkloadFederatedIdentity" # Azure Container Registry acrName="<azure-container-registry-name>" # Azure Kubernetes Service aksClusterName="<azure-kubernetes-service-name>" # Azure Key Vault keyVaultName="<azure-key-vault-name>" keyVaultSku="Standard" # Azure Cosmos DB cosmosDbAccountName="<azure-cosmos-db-account-name>" cosmosDbUseAzureCredential="true" cosmosDbDatabaseName="TodoApiDb" cosmosDbCollectionName="TodoApiCollection" # Azure Service Bus serviceBusNamespace="<azure-service-bus-namespace-name>" serviceBusUseAzureCredential="true" serviceBusQueueName="todoapi" # Azure Application Insights applicationInsightsName="<azure-application-insights-name>" # Azure Storage Account storageAccountName="<azure-storage-account-name>" storageUseAzureCredential="true" # Azure Subscription and Tenant subscriptionId=$(az account show --query id --output tsv) subscriptionName=$(az account show --query name --output tsv) tenantId=$(az account show --query tenantId --output tsv) # NGINX nginxNamespace="ingress-basic" nginxRepoName="ingress-nginx" nginxRepoUrl="https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx" nginxChartName="ingress-nginx" nginxReleaseName="nginx-ingress" nginxReplicaCount=2 # Azure DNS dnsZoneName="<azure-dns-zone-name>" dnsZoneResourceGroupName="<azure-dns-zone-resource-group-name>" frontendSubdomain="<frontend-dns-subdomain>" backendSubdomain="<backend-dns-subdomain>" # Certificate Manager certManagerNamespace="cert-manager" certManagerRepoName="jetstack" certManagerRepoUrl="https://charts.jetstack.io" certManagerChartName="cert-manager" certManagerReleaseName="cert-manager" email="paolos@microsoft.com" clusterIssuer="letsencrypt-nginx" template="cluster-issuer.yml" # Default Backend defaultBackendTemplate="default-backend.yml" # Workload workloadRelease="todo" workloadChart="../chart" frontendContainerImageName="${acrName,,}.azurecr.io/todoweb" frontendHostName="${frontendSubdomain,,}.${dnsZoneName,,}" frontendReplicaCount=3 backendContainerImageName="${acrName,,}.azurecr.io/todoapi" backendHostName="${backendSubdomain,,}.${dnsZoneName,,}" backendReplicaCount=3 workloadDeploymentTemplate="todolist-deployments.yml" workloadServiceTemplate="todolist-services.yml" workloadHpaTemplate="todolist-hpas.yml" configMapName="todolist-configmap" configMapTemplate="config-map.yml" aspNetCoreEnvironment="Docker" todoApiServiceEndpointUri="todolist-api" todoWebDataProtectionBlobStorageContainerName="todoweb" todoApiDataProtectionBlobStorageContainerName="todoapi" frontendIngressName="ingress-frontend" frontendIngressTemplate="ingress-frontend.yml" frontendSecretName="tls-frontend" frontendServiceName="todolist-web" frontendPort="80" backendIngressName="ingress-backend" backendIngressTemplate="ingress-backend.yml" backendSecretName="tls-backend" backendServiceName="todolist-api" backendPort="80"

Run the scripts/01-build-container-images.sh script to build the Linux container images for the frontend and backend applications using Docker.

#!/bin/bash #Variables source ./00-variables.sh cd ../src/TodoApi docker build -t todoapi:$frontendContainerImageTag -f Dockerfile .. cd ../TodoWeb docker build -t todoweb:$backendContainerImageTag -f Dockerfile ..

Run the scripts/02-push-docker-images.sh script to push the container images to your Azure Container Registry.

#!/bin/bash # Variables source ./00-variables.sh # Login to ACR az acr login --name ${acrName,,} # Retrieve ACR login server. Each container image needs to be tagged with the loginServer name of the registry. loginServer=$(az acr show --name ${acrName,,} --query loginServer --output tsv) # Tag the local todoapi image with the loginServer of ACR docker tag todoapi:$backendContainerImageTag $loginServer/todoapi:$backendContainerImageTag # Push todoapi container image to ACR docker push $loginServer/todoapi:$backendContainerImageTag # Tag the local todoweb image with the loginServer of ACR docker tag todoweb:$frontendContainerImageTag $loginServer/todoweb:$frontendContainerImageTag # Push todoweb container image to ACR docker push $loginServer/todoweb:$frontendContainerImageTag

Run the scripts/03-enable-oidc.sh script on an existing AKS cluster, to register and enable the OIDC Issuer feature. Running this script is unnecessary if you deployed the AKS cluster using the bicep modules in the bicep folder.

#!/bin/bash # For more information, see https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/cluster-configuration#oidc-issuer-preview # Variables source ./00-variables.sh # Install aks-preview Azure extension echo "Checking if [aks-preview] extension is already installed..." az extension show --name aks-preview &>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[aks-preview] extension is already installed" # Update the extension to make sure you have the latest version installed echo "Updating [aks-preview] extension..." az extension update --name aks-preview &>/dev/null else echo "[aks-preview] extension is not installed. Installing..." # Install aks-preview extension az extension add --name aks-preview 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[aks-preview] extension successfully installed" else echo "Failed to install [aks-preview] extension" exit fi fi # Registering AKS feature extensions aksExtensions=("EnableOIDCIssuerPreview") registeringExtensions=() for aksExtension in ${aksExtensions[@]}; do echo "Checking if [$aksExtension] extension is already registered..." extension=$(az feature list -o table --query "[?contains(name, 'Microsoft.ContainerService/$aksExtension') && @.properties.state == 'Registered'].{Name:name}" --output tsv) if [[ -z $extension ]]; then echo "[$aksExtension] extension is not registered." echo "Registering [$aksExtension] extension..." az feature register --name $aksExtension --namespace Microsoft.ContainerService registeringExtensions+=("$aksExtension") ok=1 else echo "[$aksExtension] extension is already registered." fi done delay=1 for aksExtension in ${registeringExtensions[@]}; do echo -n "Checking if [$aksExtension] extension is already registered..." while true; do extension=$(az feature list -o table --query "[?contains(name, 'Microsoft.ContainerService/$aksExtension') && @.properties.state == 'Registered'].{Name:name}" --output tsv) if [[ -z $extension ]]; then echo -n "." sleep $delay else echo "." break fi done done # Check if extensions have been successfully registered if [[ $ok == 1 ]]; then echo "Refreshing the registration of the Microsoft.ContainerService resource provider..." az provider register --namespace Microsoft.ContainerService echo "Microsoft.ContainerService resource provider registration successfully refreshed" fi # Check if the OIDC discovery endpoint has been already enabled echo "Check if the OIDC discovery endpoint has been already enabled on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster..." enabled=$(az aks show \ --name $aksClusterName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --query oidcIssuerProfile.enabled \ --output tsv \ --only-show-errors) if [[ $enabled == 'true' ]]; then echo "The OIDC discovery endpoint has been already enabled on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster" else echo "The OIDC discovery endpoint has not been already enabled on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster" echo "Enabling the OIDC discovery endpoint on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster" az aks update \ --name $aksClusterName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --enable-oidc-issuer \ --only-show-errors if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "The OIDC discovery endpoint has been successfully enabled on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster" else echo "Failed to enable the OIDC discovery endpoint on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster" fi fi

Run the scripts/04-enable-workload-identity.sh script on an existing AKS cluster, to register and enable the Workload Identity feature. Running this script is unnecessary if you deployed the AKS cluster using the bicep modules in the bicep folder.

#!/bin/bash # For more information, see https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/aks/cluster-configuration#oidc-issuer-preview # Variables source ./00-variables.sh # Install aks-preview Azure extension echo "Checking if [aks-preview] extension is already installed..." az extension show --name aks-preview &>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[aks-preview] extension is already installed" # Update the extension to make sure you have the latest version installed echo "Updating [aks-preview] extension..." az extension update --name aks-preview &>/dev/null else echo "[aks-preview] extension is not installed. Installing..." # Install aks-preview extension az extension add --name aks-preview 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[aks-preview] extension successfully installed" else echo "Failed to install [aks-preview] extension" exit fi fi # Registering AKS feature extensions aksExtensions=("EnableWorkloadIdentityPreview") registeringExtensions=() for aksExtension in ${aksExtensions[@]}; do echo "Checking if [$aksExtension] extension is already registered..." extension=$(az feature list -o table --query "[?contains(name, 'Microsoft.ContainerService/$aksExtension') && @.properties.state == 'Registered'].{Name:name}" --output tsv) if [[ -z $extension ]]; then echo "[$aksExtension] extension is not registered." echo "Registering [$aksExtension] extension..." az feature register --name $aksExtension --namespace Microsoft.ContainerService registeringExtensions+=("$aksExtension") ok=1 else echo "[$aksExtension] extension is already registered." fi done delay=1 for aksExtension in ${registeringExtensions[@]}; do echo -n "Checking if [$aksExtension] extension is already registered..." while true; do extension=$(az feature list -o table --query "[?contains(name, 'Microsoft.ContainerService/$aksExtension') && @.properties.state == 'Registered'].{Name:name}" --output tsv) if [[ -z $extension ]]; then echo -n "." sleep $delay else echo "." break fi done done # Check if extensions have been successfully registered if [[ $ok == 1 ]]; then echo "Refreshing the registration of the Microsoft.ContainerService resource provider..." az provider register --namespace Microsoft.ContainerService echo "Microsoft.ContainerService resource provider registration successfully refreshed" fi # Check if the workload identity has been already enabled echo "Check if the workload identity has been already enabled on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster..." enabled=$(az aks show \ --name $aksClusterName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --query oidcIssuerProfile.enabled \ --output tsv \ --only-show-errors) if [[ $enabled == 'true' ]]; then echo "The workload identity has been already enabled on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster" else echo "The workload identity has not been already enabled on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster" echo "Enabling the workload identity on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster" az aks update \ --name $aksClusterName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --enable-workload-identity \ --only-show-errors if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "The workload identity has been successfully enabled on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster" else echo "Failed to enable the workload identity on the [$aksClusterName] AKS cluster" fi fi

Run the scripts/05-install-azure-ad-workload-cli.sh script to install the Azure AD Workload CLI (azwi). azwi is a utility CLI that helps manage Azure AD Workload Identity and automate error-prone operations:

  • Generate the JWKS document from a list of public keys
  • Streamline the creation and deletion of the following resources:
    • AAD applications
    • Kubernetes service accounts -Federated identities
    • Azure role assignments
#!/bin/bash brew install Azure/azure-workload-identity/azwi

The Bicep and ARM templates automatically create the secrets used by the frontend and backend services. Hence, running this script is unnecessary if you deployed the AKS cluster using the bicep modules in the bicep folder. If you want to deploy the sample on your AKS cluster, you can use the scripts/06-create-key-vault-and-secrets.sh script to create the secrets in your Azure Key Vault.

#!/bin/bash # Variables source ./00-variables.sh # Check if the resource group already exists echo "Checking if [$resourceGroupName] resource group actually exists in the [$subscriptionName] subscription..." az group show --name $resourceGroupName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$resourceGroupName] resource group actually exists in the [$subscriptionName] subscription" echo "Creating [$resourceGroupName] resource group in the [$subscriptionName] subscription..." # create the resource group az group create --name $resourceGroupName --location $location 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$resourceGroupName] resource group successfully created in the [$subscriptionName] subscription" else echo "Failed to create [$resourceGroupName] resource group in the [$subscriptionName] subscription" exit fi else echo "[$resourceGroupName] resource group already exists in the [$subscriptionName] subscription" fi # Check if the key vault already exists echo "Checking if [$keyVaultName] key vault actually exists in the [$subscriptionName] subscription..." az keyvault show --name $keyVaultName --resource-group $resourceGroupName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$keyVaultName] key vault actually exists in the [$subscriptionName] subscription" echo "Creating [$keyVaultName] key vault in the [$subscriptionName] subscription..." # create the key vault az keyvault create \ --name $keyVaultName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --location $location \ --enabled-for-deployment \ --enabled-for-disk-encryption \ --enabled-for-template-deployment \ --sku $keyVaultSku 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$keyVaultName] key vault successfully created in the [$subscriptionName] subscription" else echo "Failed to create [$keyVaultName] key vault in the [$subscriptionName] subscription" exit fi else echo "[$keyVaultName] key vault already exists in the [$subscriptionName] subscription" fi # Check if the secret already exists cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretName="RepositoryService--CosmosDb--EndpointUri" cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretValue="https://${cosmosDbAccountName}.documents.azure.com:443/" echo "Checking if [$cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$cosmosDbEndpointUriSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Get Cosmos DB account primary key cosmosDBPrimaryKey=$(az cosmosdb keys list \ --name $cosmosDbAccountName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --type keys \ --query primaryMasterKey \ --output tsv) # Check if the secret already exists cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretName="RepositoryService--CosmosDb--PrimaryKey" cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretValue=$cosmosDBPrimaryKey echo "Checking if [$cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 && -n $cosmosDBPrimaryKey ]]; then echo "No [$cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$cosmosDbPrimaryKeySecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Check if the secret already exists cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretName="RepositoryService--CosmosDb--UseAzureCredential" cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretValue=$cosmosDbUseAzureCredential echo "Checking if [$cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$cosmosDbUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Check if the secret already exists cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretName="RepositoryService--CosmosDb--DatabaseName" cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretValue=$cosmosDbDatabaseName echo "Checking if [$cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$cosmosDbDatabaseNameSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Check if the secret already exists cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretName="RepositoryService--CosmosDb--CollectionName" cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretValue=$cosmosDbCollectionName echo "Checking if [$cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$cosmosDbCollectionNameSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Get Service Bus namespace connection string serviceBusConnectionString=$(az servicebus namespace authorization-rule keys list \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --namespace-name $serviceBusNamespace \ --name RootManageSharedAccessKey \ --query primaryConnectionString \ --output tsv) # Check if the secret already exists serviceBusConnectionStringSecretName="NotificationService--ServiceBus--ConnectionString" serviceBusConnectionStringSecretValue=$serviceBusConnectionString echo "Checking if [$serviceBusConnectionStringSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $serviceBusConnectionStringSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 && -n $serviceBusConnectionString ]]; then echo "No [$serviceBusConnectionStringSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$serviceBusConnectionStringSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $serviceBusConnectionStringSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $serviceBusConnectionStringSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$serviceBusConnectionStringSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$serviceBusConnectionStringSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$serviceBusConnectionStringSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Check if the secret already exists serviceBusNamespaceSecretName="NotificationService--ServiceBus--Namespace" serviceBusNamespaceSecretValue=$serviceBusNamespace echo "Checking if [$serviceBusNamespaceSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $serviceBusNamespaceSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$serviceBusNamespaceSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$serviceBusNamespaceSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $serviceBusNamespaceSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $serviceBusNamespaceSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$serviceBusNamespaceSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$serviceBusNamespaceSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$serviceBusNamespaceSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Check if the secret already exists serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretName="NotificationService--ServiceBus--UseAzureCredential" serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretValue=$serviceBusUseAzureCredential echo "Checking if [$serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$serviceBusUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Check if the secret already exists serviceBusQueueNameSecretName="NotificationService--ServiceBus--QueueName" serviceBusQueueNameSecretValue=$serviceBusQueueName echo "Checking if [$serviceBusQueueNameSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $serviceBusQueueNameSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$serviceBusQueueNameSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$serviceBusQueueNameSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $serviceBusQueueNameSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $serviceBusQueueNameSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$serviceBusQueueNameSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$serviceBusQueueNameSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$serviceBusQueueNameSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Get the Application Insights instrumentation key applicationInsightsInstrumentationKey=$(az resource show \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --name $applicationInsightsName \ --resource-type "microsoft.insights/components" \ --query properties.InstrumentationKey \ --output tsv) # Check if the secret already exists applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretName="ApplicationInsights--InstrumentationKey" applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretValue=$applicationInsightsInstrumentationKey echo "Checking if [$applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 && -n $applicationInsightsInstrumentationKey ]]; then echo "No [$applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$applicationInsightsInstrumentationKeySecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Get Storage Account connection string dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionString=$(az storage account show-connection-string \ --name $storageAccountName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --output tsv) # Check if the secret already exists dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretName="DataProtection--BlobStorage--ConnectionString" dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretValue=$dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionString echo "Checking if [$dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 && -n $dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionString ]]; then echo "No [$dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$dataProtectionBlobStorageConnectionStringSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Check if the secret already exists storageAccountNameSecretName="DataProtection--BlobStorage--AccountName" storageAccountNameSecretValue=$storageAccountName echo "Checking if [$storageAccountNameSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $storageAccountNameSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$storageAccountNameSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$storageAccountNameSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $storageAccountNameSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $storageAccountNameSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$storageAccountNameSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$storageAccountNameSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$storageAccountNameSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Check if the secret already exists storageUseAzureCredentialSecretName="DataProtection--BlobStorage--UseAzureCredential" storageUseAzureCredentialSecretValue=$storageUseAzureCredential echo "Checking if [$storageUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." az keyvault secret show --name $storageUseAzureCredentialSecretName --vault-name $keyVaultName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$storageUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret actually exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" echo "Creating [$storageUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault..." # create the secret az keyvault secret set \ --name $storageUseAzureCredentialSecretName \ --vault-name $keyVaultName \ --value $storageUseAzureCredentialSecretValue 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$storageUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret successfully created in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to create [$storageUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" exit fi else echo "[$storageUseAzureCredentialSecretName] secret already exists in the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi

The next step consists in creating a user-assigned managed identity and granting permissions to:

  • Get and list secrets in Azure Key Vault
  • Read and write data in Azure Cosmos DB
  • Read and write blobs in the Azure Storage Account
  • Send and receive messages to queues in a Service Bus namespace

You can run the scripts/07-create-aad-application.sh script to create the Azure AD application and grant permissions. Running this script is unnecessary if you deployed the AKS cluster using the bicep modules in the bicep folder because the modules automatically create the user-assigned managed identity and role assignments.

#!/bin/bash # Variables source ./00-variables.sh # Check if the user-assigned managed identity already exists echo "Checking if [$managedIdentityName] user-assigned managed identity actually exists in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group..." az identity show \ --name $managedIdentityName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$managedIdentityName] user-assigned managed identity actually exists in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group" echo "Creating [$managedIdentityName] user-assigned managed identity in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group..." # Create the user-assigned managed identity az identity create \ --name $managedIdentityName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --location $location \ --subscription $subscriptionId 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$managedIdentityName] user-assigned managed identity successfully created in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group" else echo "Failed to create [$managedIdentityName] user-assigned managed identity in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group" exit fi else echo "[$managedIdentityName] user-assigned managed identity already exists in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group" fi # Retrieve the clientId of the user-assigned managed identity echo "Retrieving clientId for [$managedIdentityName] managed identity..." clientId=$(az identity show \ --name $managedIdentityName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --query clientId \ --output tsv) if [[ -n $clientId ]]; then echo "[$clientId] clientId for the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity successfully retrieved" else echo "Failed to retrieve clientId for the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity" exit fi # Retrieve the principalId of the user-assigned managed identity echo "Retrieving principalId for [$managedIdentityName] managed identity..." principalId=$(az identity show \ --name $managedIdentityName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --query principalId \ --output tsv) if [[ -n $principalId ]]; then echo "[$principalId] principalId for the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity successfully retrieved" else echo "Failed to retrieve principalId for the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity" exit fi # Grant get and list permissions on key vault secrets to the managed identity echo "Granting get permissions on secrets in [$keyVaultName] key vault to [$managedIdentityName] managed identity..." az keyvault set-policy \ --name $keyVaultName \ --spn $clientId \ --secret-permissions get list 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "Get and List permissions on secrets in [$keyVaultName] key vault successfully granted to [$managedIdentityName] managed identity" else echo "Failed to grant Get and List permissions on secrets in [$keyVaultName] key vault to [$managedIdentityName] managed identity" exit fi if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "Access policy successfully set for the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity on the [$keyVaultName] key vault" else echo "Failed to set the access policy for the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity on the [$keyVaultName] key vault" fi # Get storage account resource id storageAccountId=$(az storage account show \ --name $storageAccountName \ --query id \ --output tsv) if [[ -n $storageAccountId ]]; then echo "Resource id for the [$storageAccountName] storage account successfully retrieved" else echo "Failed to the resource id for the [$storageAccountName] storage account" exit -1 fi # Assign the Storage Blob Data Contributor role to the service principal of the AAD application with the storage account as scope role="Storage Blob Data Contributor" echo "Checking if service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity has been assigned to [$role] role with [$storageAccountName] storage account as scope..." current=$(az role assignment list \ --assignee $principalId \ --scope $storageAccountId \ --query "[?roleDefinitionName=='$role'].roleDefinitionName" \ --output tsv 2>/dev/null) if [[ $current == $role ]]; then echo "Service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity is already assigned to the ["$current"] role with [$storageAccountName] storage account as scope" else echo "Service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity is not assigned to the [$role] role with [$storageAccountName] storage account as scope" echo "Assigning the service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity to the [$role] role with [$storageAccountName] storage account as scope..." az role assignment create \ --assignee $principalId \ --role "$role" \ --scope $storageAccountId 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "Service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity successfully assigned to the [$role] role with [$storageAccountName] storage account as scope" else echo "Failed to assign the service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity to the [$role] role with [$storageAccountName] storage account as scope" exit fi fi # Assign the Cosmos DB Built-in Data Contributor role to the service principal of the AAD application with the Cosmos DB accout as scope role="Cosmos DB Built-in Data Contributor" roleId="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000002" echo "Checking if service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity has been assigned to [$role] role with [$cosmosDbAccountName] Cosmos DB account as scope..." current=$(az cosmosdb sql role assignment list \ --account-name $cosmosDbAccountName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --query "[?principalId=='$principalId'].roleDefinitionId" \ --output tsv) if [[ -n $current ]]; then echo "Service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity is already assigned to the ["$role"] role with [$cosmosDbAccountName] Cosmos DB account as scope" else echo "Service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity is not assigned to the [$role] role with [$cosmosDbAccountName] Cosmos DB account as scope" echo "Assigning the service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity to the [$role] role with [$cosmosDbAccountName] Cosmos DB account as scope..." az cosmosdb sql role assignment create \ --account-name $cosmosDbAccountName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --scope "/" \ --principal-id $principalId \ --role-definition-id "$roleId" 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "Service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity successfully assigned to the [$role] role with [$cosmosDbAccountName] Cosmos DB account as scope" else echo "Failed to assign the service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity to the [$role] role with [$cosmosDbAccountName] Cosmos DB account as scope" exit fi fi # Get Service Bus namespace resource id serviceBusNamespaceId=$(az servicebus namespace show \ --name $serviceBusNamespace \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --query id \ --output tsv) if [[ -n $serviceBusNamespaceId ]]; then echo "Resource id for the [$serviceBusNamespace] Service Bus namespace successfully retrieved" else echo "Failed to the resource id for the [$serviceBusNamespace] Service Bus namespace" exit -1 fi # Assign the Azure Service Bus Data Owner role to the service principal of the AAD application with the Service Bus namespace as scope role="Azure Service Bus Data Owner" echo "Checking if service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity has been assigned to [$role] role with [$serviceBusNamespace] Service Bus namespace as scope..." current=$(az role assignment list \ --assignee $principalId \ --scope $serviceBusNamespaceId \ --query "[?roleDefinitionName=='$role'].roleDefinitionName" \ --output tsv 2>/dev/null) if [[ -n $current ]]; then echo "Service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity is already assigned to the ["$current"] role with [$serviceBusNamespace] Service Bus namespace as scope" else echo "Service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity is not assigned to the [$role] role with [$serviceBusNamespace] Service Bus namespace as scope" echo "Assigning the service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity to the [$role] role with [$serviceBusNamespace] Service Bus namespace as scope..." az role assignment create \ --assignee $principalId \ --role "$role" \ --scope $serviceBusNamespaceId 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "Service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity successfully assigned to the [$role] role with [$serviceBusNamespace] Service Bus namespace as scope" else echo "Failed to assign the service principal of the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity to the [$role] role with [$serviceBusNamespace] Service Bus namespace as scope" exit fi fi

You can use the scripts/08-create-service-account.sh script to create a Kubernetes service account in the application namespace and annotate it with the client ID of the user-assigned managed identity. The last step of the script establishes federated identity credential between the managed identity and the service account issuer and subject. This service account is used by the Kubernetes deployment of both the frontend and backend services. For more details, see the scripts/todolist.yml YAML manifest or the Helm chart under the chart folder.

#!/bin/bash # Variables for the user-assigned managed identity source ./00-variables.sh # Check if the namespace already exists result=$(kubectl get namespace -o 'jsonpath={.items[?(@.metadata.name=="'$workloadNamespace'")].metadata.name'}) if [[ -n $result ]]; then echo "[$workloadNamespace] namespace already exists" else # Create the namespace for your ingress resources echo "[$workloadNamespace] namespace does not exist" echo "Creating [$workloadNamespace] namespace..." kubectl create namespace $workloadNamespace fi # Check if the service account already exists result=$(kubectl get sa -n $workloadNamespace -o 'jsonpath={.items[?(@.metadata.name=="'$workloadServiceAccountName'")].metadata.name'}) if [[ -n $result ]]; then echo "[$workloadServiceAccountName] service account already exists" else # Retrieve the resource id of the user-assigned managed identity echo "Retrieving clientId for [$managedIdentityName] managed identity..." managedIdentityClientId=$(az identity show \ --name $managedIdentityName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --query clientId \ --output tsv) if [[ -n $managedIdentityClientId ]]; then echo "[$managedIdentityClientId] clientId for the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity successfully retrieved" else echo "Failed to retrieve clientId for the [$managedIdentityName] managed identity" exit fi # Create the service account echo "[$workloadServiceAccountName] service account does not exist" echo "Creating [$workloadServiceAccountName] service account..." cat <<EOF | kubectl apply -f - apiVersion: v1 kind: ServiceAccount metadata: annotations: azure.workload.identity/client-id: $managedIdentityClientId labels: azure.workload.identity/use: "true" name: $workloadServiceAccountName namespace: $workloadNamespace EOF fi # Show service account YAML manifest echo "Service Account YAML manifest" echo "-----------------------------" kubectl get sa $workloadServiceAccountName -n $workloadNamespace -o yaml # Check if the federated identity credential already exists echo "Checking if [$federatedIdentityName] federated identity credential actually exists in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group..." az identity federated-credential show \ --name $federatedIdentityName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --identity-name $managedIdentityName &>/dev/null if [[ $? != 0 ]]; then echo "No [$federatedIdentityName] federated identity credential actually exists in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group" # Get the OIDC Issuer URL aksOidcIssuerUrl="$(az aks show \ --only-show-errors \ --name $aksClusterName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --query oidcIssuerProfile.issuerUrl \ --output tsv)" # Show OIDC Issuer URL if [[ -n $aksOidcIssuerUrl ]]; then echo "The OIDC Issuer URL of the $aksClusterName cluster is $aksOidcIssuerUrl" fi echo "Creating [$federatedIdentityName] federated identity credential in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group..." # Establish the federated identity credential between the managed identity, the service account issuer, and the subject. az identity federated-credential create \ --name $federatedIdentityName \ --identity-name $managedIdentityName \ --resource-group $resourceGroupName \ --issuer $aksOidcIssuerUrl \ --subject system:serviceaccount:$workloadNamespace:$workloadServiceAccountName if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$federatedIdentityName] federated identity credential successfully created in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group" else echo "Failed to create [$federatedIdentityName] federated identity credential in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group" exit fi else echo "[$federatedIdentityName] federated identity credential already exists in the [$resourceGroupName] resource group" fi

You can use the scripts/09-create-nginx-ingress-controller.sh script to install the NGINX Ingress Controller on your AKS cluster via a Helm chart. NGINX Ingress controller works with both NGINX and NGINX Plus and supports the standard Ingress features - content-based routing and TLS/SSL termination. In this sample, the NGINX Ingress controller is used to publicly expose both the frontend and backend service. Normally, the backend service should not be directly exposed to the public internet, but for demo purpose, the REST API is publicly exposed. The Bicep and ARM templates in the bicep folder use a deployment script to bootstrap the cluster and install the following Helm packages:

Hence, running the scripts/09-create-nginx-ingress-controller.sh script is unnecessary if you deployed the AKS cluster using the bicep modules in the bicep folder.

#!/bin/bash # Variables source ./00-variables.sh # Use Helm to deploy an NGINX ingress controller result=$(helm list -n $nginxNamespace | grep $nginxReleaseName | awk '{print $1}') if [[ -n $result ]]; then echo "[$nginxReleaseName] ingress controller already exists in the [$nginxNamespace] namespace" else # Check if the ingress-nginx repository is not already added result=$(helm repo list | grep $nginxRepoName | awk '{print $1}') if [[ -n $result ]]; then echo "[$nginxRepoName] Helm repo already exists" else # Add the ingress-nginx repository echo "Adding [$nginxRepoName] Helm repo..." helm repo add $nginxRepoName $nginxRepoUrl fi # Update your local Helm chart repository cache echo 'Updating Helm repos...' helm repo update # Deploy NGINX ingress controller echo "Deploying [$nginxReleaseName] NGINX ingress controller to the [$nginxNamespace] namespace..." helm install $nginxReleaseName $nginxRepoName/$nginxChartName \ --create-namespace \ --namespace $nginxNamespace \ --set controller.nginxReplicaCount=$nginxReplicaCount \ --set controller.nodeSelector."kubernetes\.io/os"=linux \ --set defaultBackend.nodeSelector."kubernetes\.io/os"=linux \ --set controller.service.annotations."service\.beta\.kubernetes\.io/azure-load-balancer-health-probe-request-path"=/healthz fi

If you use a public Azure DNS to host your DNS domain and manage your DNS records as described in the Host your domain in Azure DNS tutorial, you can use the scripts/10-configure-dns-records.sh script to create A records for both the frontend and backend services. Feel free to change the name of the frontend and backend subdomains in the script below.

# Variables source ./00-variables.sh subdomains=($frontendSubdomain $backendSubdomain) # Install jq if not installed path=$(which jq) if [[ -z $path ]]; then echo 'Installing jq...' apt install -y jq fi # Retrieve the public IP address of the NGINX ingress controller echo "Retrieving the external IP address of the [$nginxReleaseName] NGINX ingress controller..." publicIpAddress=$(kubectl get service -o json -n $nginxNamespace | jq -r '.items[] | select(.spec.type == "LoadBalancer" and .metadata.name == "'$nginxReleaseName'-ingress-nginx-controller") | .status.loadBalancer.ingress[0].ip') if [ -n $publicIpAddress ]; then echo "[$publicIpAddress] external IP address of the [$nginxReleaseName] NGINX ingress controller successfully retrieved" else echo "Failed to retrieve the external IP address of the [$nginxReleaseName] NGINX ingress controller" exit fi for subdomain in ${subdomains[@]}; do # Check if an A record for todolist subdomain exists in the DNS Zone echo "Retrieving the A record for the [$subdomain] subdomain from the [$dnsZoneName] DNS zone..." ipv4Address=$(az network dns record-set a list \ --zone-name $dnsZoneName \ --resource-group $dnsZoneResourceGroupName \ --query "[?name=='$subdomain'].aRecords[].ipv4Address" \ --output tsv) if [[ -n $ipv4Address ]]; then echo "An A record already exists in [$dnsZoneName] DNS zone for the [$subdomain] subdomain with [$ipv4Address] IP address" if [[ $ipv4Address == $publicIpAddress ]]; then echo "The [$ipv4Address] ip address of the existing A record is equal to the ip address of the [$ingressName] ingress" echo "No additional step is required" continue else echo "The [$ipv4Address] ip address of the existing A record is different than the ip address of the [$ingressName] ingress" fi # Retrieving name of the record set relative to the zone echo "Retrieving the name of the record set relative to the [$dnsZoneName] zone..." recordSetName=$(az network dns record-set a list \ --zone-name $dnsZoneName \ --resource-group $dnsZoneResourceGroupName \ --query "[?name=='$subdomain'].name" \ --output tsv 2>/dev/null) if [[ -n $recordSetName ]]; then echo "[$recordSetName] record set name successfully retrieved" else echo "Failed to retrieve the name of the record set relative to the [$dnsZoneName] zone" exit fi # Remove the A record echo "Removing the A record from the record set relative to the [$dnsZoneName] zone..." az network dns record-set a remove-record \ --ipv4-address $ipv4Address \ --record-set-name $recordSetName \ --zone-name $dnsZoneName \ --resource-group $dnsZoneResourceGroupName if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$ipv4Address] ip address successfully removed from the [$recordSetName] record set" else echo "Failed to remove the [$ipv4Address] ip address from the [$recordSetName] record set" exit fi fi # Create the A record echo "Creating an A record in [$dnsZoneName] DNS zone for the [$subdomain] subdomain with [$publicIpAddress] IP address..." az network dns record-set a add-record \ --zone-name $dnsZoneName \ --resource-group $dnsZoneResourceGroupName \ --record-set-name $subdomain \ --ipv4-address $publicIpAddress 1>/dev/null if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "A record for the [$subdomain] subdomain with [$publicIpAddress] IP address successfully created in [$dnsZoneName] DNS zone" else echo "Failed to create an A record for the $subdomain subdomain with [$publicIpAddress] IP address in [$dnsZoneName] DNS zone" fi done

You can use the scripts/11-install-cert-manager.sh script to install cert-manager on your AKS cluster via a Helm chart. cert-manager adds certificates and certificate issuers as resource types in Kubernetes clusters, and simplifies the process of obtaining, renewing and using those certificates. It can issue certificates from a variety of supported sources, including Let’s Encrypt, HashiCorp Vault, and Venafi as well as private PKI. It will ensure certificates are valid and up to date, and attempt to renew certificates at a configured time before expiry. In this sample, cert-manageris configured to issue certificates for the frontend and backend service from Let’s Encrypt. Running this script is unnecessary if you deployed the AKS cluster using the bicep modules in the bicep folder.

#/bin/bash # Variables source ./00-variables.sh # Install cert-manager Helm chart result=$(helm list -n $certManagerNamespace | grep $certManagerReleaseName | awk '{print $1}') if [[ -n $result ]]; then echo "[$certManagerReleaseName] cert-manager already exists in the $certManagerNamespace namespace" else # Check if the jetstack repository is not already added result=$(helm repo list | grep $certManagerRepoName | awk '{print $1}') if [[ -n $result ]]; then echo "[$certManagerRepoName] Helm repo already exists" else # Add the jetstack Helm repository echo "Adding [$certManagerRepoName] Helm repo..." helm repo add $certManagerRepoName $certManagerRepoUrl fi # Update your local Helm chart repository cache echo 'Updating Helm repos...' helm repo update # Install the cert-manager Helm chart echo "Deploying [$certManagerReleaseName] cert-manager to the $certManagerNamespace namespace..." helm install $certManagerReleaseName $certManagerRepoName/$certManagerChartName \ --create-namespace \ --namespace $certManagerNamespace \ --set installCRDs=true \ --set nodeSelector."kubernetes\.io/os"=linux fi # Check if the cluster issuer already exists result=$(kubectl get ClusterIssuer -o json | jq -r '.items[].metadata.name | select(. == "'$clusterIssuer'")') if [[ -n $result ]]; then echo "[$clusterIssuer] cluster issuer already exists" exit else # Create the cluster issuer echo "[$clusterIssuer] cluster issuer does not exist" echo "Creating [$clusterIssuer] cluster issuer..." cat $template | yq "(.spec.acme.email)|="\""$email"\" | kubectl apply -f - fi

You can use the scripts/12-create-default-backend.sh script to deploy a default backend for the NGINX ingress controller. This step is facultative and not necessary.

#!/bin/bash # Variables source ./00-variables.sh # Deploy manifest kubectl apply -f $defaultBackendTemplate -n $nginxNamespace

You can use the scripts/13-deploy-workload-using-helm.sh script to deploy the application to your AKS cluster via a Helm chart to the target namespace that contains the service account used by the frontend and backend Kubernetes deployments. Alternatively, you can use the scripts/14-deploy-workload-using-kubectl.sh script to deploy the sample application using kubectl and YAML manifests.

#!/bin/bash # Variables source ./00-variables.sh # Check if the Helm release already exists echo "Checking if a [$workloadRelease] Helm release exists in the [$workloadNamespace] namespace..." name=$(helm list -n $workloadNamespace | awk '{print $1}' | grep -Fx $workloadRelease) if [[ -n $name ]]; then # Install the Helm chart for the tenant to a dedicated namespace echo "A [$workloadRelease] Helm release already exists in the [$workloadNamespace] namespace" echo "Upgrading the [$workloadRelease] Helm release to the [$workloadNamespace] namespace via Helm..." helm upgrade $workloadRelease $workloadChart \ --set serviceAccount.name=$workloadServiceAccountName \ --set frontendDeployment.image.repository=$frontendContainerImageName \ --set frontendDeployment.image.tag=$frontendContainerImageTag \ --set frontendDeployment.replicaCount=$frontendReplicaCount \ --set backendDeployment.image.repository=$backendContainerImageName \ --set backendDeployment.image.tag=$backendContainerImageTag \ --set backendDeployment.replicaCount=$backendReplicaCount \ --set nameOverride=$workloadNamespace \ --set frontendIngress.hosts[0].host=$frontendHostName \ --set frontendIngress.tls[0].hosts[0]=$frontendHostName \ --set backendIngress.hosts[0].host=$backendHostName \ --set backendIngress.tls[0].hosts[0]=$backendHostName \ --set configMap.keyVaultName=$keyVaultName if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$workloadRelease] Helm release successfully upgraded to the [$workloadNamespace] namespace via Helm" else echo "Failed to upgrade [$workloadRelease] Helm release to the [$workloadNamespace] namespace via Helm" exit fi else # Install the Helm chart for the tenant to a dedicated namespace echo "The [$workloadRelease] Helm release does not exist in the [$workloadNamespace] namespace" echo "Deploying the [$workloadRelease] Helm release to the [$workloadNamespace] namespace via Helm..." helm install $workloadRelease $workloadChart \ --create-namespace \ --namespace $workloadNamespace \ --set serviceAccount.name=$workloadServiceAccountName \ --set frontendDeployment.image.repository=$frontendContainerImageName \ --set frontendDeployment.image.tag=$frontendContainerImageTag \ --set backendDeployment.image.repository=$backendContainerImageName \ --set backendDeployment.image.tag=$backendContainerImageTag \ --set nameOverride=$workloadNamespace \ --set frontendIngress.hosts[0].host=$frontendHostName \ --set frontendIngress.tls[0].hosts[0]=$frontendHostName \ --set backendIngress.hosts[0].host=$backendHostName \ --set backendIngress.tls[0].hosts[0]=$backendHostName \ --set configMap.keyVaultName=$keyVaultName if [[ $? == 0 ]]; then echo "[$workloadRelease] Helm release successfully deployed to the [$workloadNamespace] namespace via Helm" else echo "Failed to install [$workloadRelease] Helm release to the [$workloadNamespace] namespace via Helm" exit fi fi

Testing

If you properly deployed and configured both the frontend and backend application in the same namespace on your AKS cluster, and properly exposed these services via the NGINX Ingress Controller and Azure DNS, you should be able to access both services, as shown in the following pictures: 

frontend.png

backend.png

 

 

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